The program below is for students who enter as Biology  majors and are interested in switching into this program in the Sophomore Year


First Year  (32 or 36 or 40 credits)
Fall	Spring  (5 courses recommended)
CHM131    (or CHM151 ) Chemical Concepts I with Lab	Cluster course No. 4 (4 credit) e.g. Gender Difference in Communication CSP192Q
MTH161    or MTH171 - Calculus I (4 credit)	MTH162 or MTH172 -- Calculus II (4 credit)
Primary Writing (4 credit)	BIO 111    2 + BIO 111L (Lab)
BIO 110    2	CHM132 (or CHM152 ) Chemical Concepts II with Lab
REU in Medical Physics Recommended Summer of 1st Year Second Year  (36 credits)
Fall	Spring
Cluster Course No. 1 (4 credit) e.g. ENG118     (Media Communication )	PHY 143 -- Honors Modern Physics, or Cluster Course 1 (4 credit) with lab
MTH164 -- Multidimensional Calculus  (4 credit)	MTH165 -- Linear Algebra & Diff. Eqs. (4 credit)
PHY 141 -- Honors Mechanics 1 with lab	Cluster Course No. 6 e.g. Motivation and Emotion  CSP262
Cluster Course No. 2 (4 credit) e.g. Public Speaking ENG134	Cluster Course No. 5  (4 credit), e.g. Psychology CSP161
PHY425 /PHY 325 or  PHY427 /PHY327    Physics of Radiotherapy  I  or RadioBiology I (2 credit) - each course offered on alternate yeas	PHY426 /PHY326 or PHY428 /PHY328 Physics of Radiotherapy  II  or RadioBiology II (2 credit) - each course offered on alternate years
REU in Medical Physics/Clinical Physics Recommended in Summer of 2nd year (3 months) Third Year  (36 credits)
Fall	Spring
PHY 142 (or 122 -- Electromagnetism) (4 credits) with lab	ECE210    (Circuits)
BIO 115  Genetics (with Lab) BIO 115L	PHY 237 -- Quantum Mech. of Physical Systems 3
MTH 281 -- Fourier Series	MTH 282 -- Intro. Complex Variables
Cluster course No. 3 e.g. Debate ENG135	PHY261/OPT261   -- Interference and Diffraction
PHY 425/325 or  PHY427 /PHY327    Physics of Radiotherapy  I  or RadioBiology I (2 credit) - each course offered on alternate yeas	PHY426 /PHY326 or PHY428 /PHY328 Physics of Radiotherapy  II  or RadioBiology II (2 credit) - each course offered on alternate yea
REU in Medical Physics/Clinical Physics Recommended in Summer of 3rd year (3 months) Students takes MCATS (for MD/Phd)  and/or GRE's (for  MS or PhD in Physics) Fourth Year  (34 credits)
Fall	Spring
PHY 217 -- Electromagnetism I	PHY 227 -- Thermo. & Stat. Mech
PHY 235 -- Classical Mechanics	PHY262/OPT262 Electromagnetic theory
OPT211/PHY263    Computational Optics	PHY 246 -- Quantum Mechanics
PHY 429/329 Reading Course: Topics in  Health Physics (Schell -4 credit)  alternates every other year   or PHY443/243W -- Advanced Laboratory (upper level writing I)  special section: The four experiments are(1) Lifetime of Muon, (2) Electron Spin Reonance/MRI (3)  Hall effect (4)  Nuclear Spectroscopy	PHY 495 MS Thesis in Medical or Biological Physics or Medical/Biological Optics (4 Credits)- upper level writing II
(may be taken as overload if wanted, but nor required) ECE221 Devices,  or PHY 420/ECE420 /PHY251 Intro to Solid State Physics PHY 424/PHY253 ( Biological Physics -if offered)	PHY421/301/RAD501 Seminar in Physics of Medical Imaging (Foster, 2 credit) (noon-1 , second half of Spring semester till Mid May)
Note: students who do not complete the 5th year may chose to graduate with a BA in Pnysics and a Minor in Optics after 4 years Medical Physics/Clinical Physics Experience Recommended in Summer of 4th year (3 months) Fifth Year  (32 credits)
Fall	Spring
PHY 440/PHY254    Nuclear and Particle Physics	PHY422/BME452/ECE452/OPT452/     Medical Imaging 6
BIO 203 -- Human Anatomy (with Lab)	BIO 204 Human Physiology (with Lab)
PHY429/329  Reading Course: Topics in  Health Physics (Schell -4 credit)  alternates every other year  or PHY443/243W   (4 credit) -- Advanced Laboratory (upper level writing I)  special section: The four experiments are(1) Lifetime of Muon, (2) Electron Spin Reonance/MRI (3)  Hall effect (4)  Nuclear Spectroscopy	PHY 446/CHM 466 Nuclear Chemistry OR  BME  251/PHY252  Biomedical Ultrasound  or he following are Fall courses which sometimes are offered in Spring or PHY 420/ECE420/PHY251 Solid State Physics or PHY 440/PHY254    Nuclear and Particle Physics
OPT 241W Geometrical Optics	PHY 495 MS Thesis in Medical or Biological Physics or Medical/Biological Optics (6 Credits)- upper level writing II
Total Credits (32 to 40+36+36+34+36) = 148+36 = 184 Minimum needed for B is 128  and  for MS is 30 Students receive  (1) BS/MS degree in Physics (with emphasis in medical physics )  (2) Minor in Optics (3)  Undergraduate Certificate in Biological/Medical Physics (4) Minor in Biology     With MS in Physics, a total of 3 years of Clinical Work Experience is required prior to taking Board Exam. Note that full time work in the summers (as shown above) counts towards the three year requirement.  Therefore, students who work full time for four summers only need to work for an additional 2 years prior to taking the board exams.

Notes:

¹Students who have had an introduction to differential and integral calculus in high school are encouraged to take PHY 141 in the Fall instead of PHY 121 in the Spring.

²Students with a grade of 4 or 5 in AP biology can place out of BIO 110/111.

³Students who have taken PHY 143 in their freshman year should take PHY 237 in their sophomore year and PHY 218 in their junior year. Students who did not take PHY 143 in their freshman year should take PHY 123 in their sophomore year, PHY 237 in their junior year and PHY 218  in their senior year.

⁴ PHY 143 is open to freshmen only, except by permission of the instructor.

⁵Students who wish retain the option of applying to medical school also need to add 2 semesters of Organic Chemistry.  Typical requirements for premedical students  include: two English courses, two biology courses with laboratories, and four chemistry courses including organic chemistry and two years of laboratories. The requirements of one semester of mathematics and two semesters of physics with laboratories are met automatically. The humanities/social science medical school requirements are satisfied by the cluster sequences. BIO 110/111 followed by BIO 180 (laboratory) can be used to satisfy minimal medical school requirements in biology for non-biology majors. BIO 203 (Mammalian Anatomy) (Fall/Summer) and BIO 204 (Mammalian Physiology) (Spring/Summer) can also be used to satisfy medical school requirements for a laboratory course in biology.  (Therefore, Bio 180 is not needed).

⁶One of these is required to complete the  Undergraduate Certificate in Biological/Medical Physics , or IND 425 (BPH 525), or some other biophysics course can be taken instead.
 

Special Courses:

BME 251/PHY252 Biomedical Ultrasound

Instructor:  Dalecki, D
Prerequisites: Math 163, Math 164, Physics 122 or Permission of instructor
Description:  This course provides analyses of the physical bases for the use of high-frequency sound in medicine (diagnosis, therapy and surgery) and biology. Topics include acoustic properties of tissues, sound propagation (both linear and nonlinear) in tissues, interactions of ultrasound with gas bodies (acoustic cavitation and contrast agents), thermal and non-thermal biological effects of ultrasound, ultrasonography, dosimetry, hyperthermia and lithotripsy. 4 credits
Offered: Spring Updated: 7/2/03

PHY421/301/RAD501  (2 credit, Spring 95-on )Seminar in the Physics of Medical Imaging - Instructor Tom Foster
This seminar course includes the basic physical theory, mathematics, and instrumentation of medical imaging. The course covers the basic properties of matter, radiation, radioactive decay, X-ray systems, digital imaging systems, nuclear medicine systems, radiobiology, ultrasound systems, and magnetic resonance . Typical Texts:  Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology, R.K. Hobbie; The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, J.T. Bushberg et al. This 2 credit course is offered to Radiology Residents every Spring semester. Lectures are  typically given during noon-1 pm time period.  The course starts in the latter half of the spring semester (and may run beyond the end of classes).

Undergraduates and graduate students  may take this course with the permission of the Instructor only. Cross listed in Physics for students who plan to get a Certificate in Biological or Medical Physics, or students who are in the BS/MS Physics 3-2 program (and  plan to do an MS thesis in Medical Physics).

PHY422/ECE 452/OPT452/ BME452  Medical Imaging - Theory and Implementation (4 credit, Spring )

Instructor:  Parker, K. J. Course Work: Weekly problem sets, matlab simulations, extensive simulations and image analysis.

Exams: Midterm and Final Project Prerequisites: ECE 242  (or instructor permission) Crosslisting(s): OPT 452

Description: Physics and implementation of X-ray, ultrasonic, and MR imaging systems. Special attention given to the Fourier transform relations and reconstruction algorithms of X-ray and ultrasonic-computed tomography, and MRI. Offered: Spring

Updated: 7/22/02

http://listener.uis.rochester.edu/cgi-bin/Registrar/zippy/ECE*#ECE452    More detailed description can be found at

http://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE452A/

PHY423/323  (BCSxxx,  BMExxx) Manetic Rersonace Imaging: from Spins to Brains
 This course is still in  the planning stage, Course numbers fror BCS and BME has been requested. It is planned for 2004 Spring. ( 4 credit) The math for typical physics major should be enough (calculus, diff equation, vector). The following is tentative description:


This course will introduce students to the physics of MR imaging and review its application to medical imaging. We will discuss how the MR technique can take advantage of physiological principles and tissue structure to provide diagnostic image for clinicians and researchers. We will then cover what can be learned about brain functions through MR imaging. In particular, students will be introduced to functional brain imaging and related issues in data analysis. The goal of the class is to provide students with a comprehensive background of the MR imaging technique and its application to medical or research issues.

Instructors: Jianhui Zhong and Daphne Bavelier
Level: Advanced undergraduates and Graduate students

PHY 424/253 Biological Physics - offered occasionally only
Physical aspects of special topics in biology. The purpose of this course is to survey several important areas of biological and medical physics. Topics covered include properties of biological membranes, transport and signaling in cells and tissue, photosynthesis, magnetic resonance imaging, and physical methods in biology such as nuclear magnetic resonance, x-ray diffraction, and optical absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The material is presented at the level of Russeu K. Hobbie's, Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology. The course is graded on the basis of regular homework sets, two hourly exams, and a term paper (same as PHY 253). Prerequisites: PHY 227, PHY 238 (or instructor permission)

PHY425/PHY325  ( 2 credit, Fall 03) and PHY426/PHY326 (2 credit, Spring  04)  Physics of Radiotherapy I and II   Instructor) -Michael Schell (Instructor Permission required).  Course offered every other year, alternates with PHY427327/BPH 490A - PHY428/328/BPH 490B

Directly and indirectly ionizing radiation use in radiation therapy causes biological damage in the normal tissue and cancer. Radiation delivery techniques are specifically designed and configured to target the neoplasm.  The physics of radiation interactions with matter and the clinical use of radiation are presented in this course.  The methods of radiation production, measurement of ionizing radiation, absorbed dose as well as the calculation of dose distributions and treatment-planning systems are presented for all radiation modalities.  Radiological physics is covered to the extent necessary to explain the use of CT, MR, and PET images as implemented in the treatment planning process.  Radiation protection and quality assurance are topics presented at the end of the academic year.  Once lecture per week is presented along with assigments and three exams during the academic year.

Typical texts are The Physics of Radiation Therapy by Faiz Khan, Radiation Therapy Physics by WR Hendee and GS Ibbott (out of print), Radiation Detection & Measurement 3rd Edition by Glenn F Knoll.

Undergraduates and graduate students  may take this course with the permission of the Instructor only. It is restricted to Physics students who plan to get a Certificate in Biological or Medical Physics, or students who are in the BS/MS Physics 3-2 program (and  plan to do an MS thesis in Medical Physics).
 

PHY427/327/BPH 490A  (2 credit,  Fall 05) and PHY428/328/BPH 490B  (2 Credit,  Spring 05)Radiobiology I and II    Instructor: Keng Restrictions: Permission of instructor required for undergraduates. Course offered every other year, alternates with  Physics of Radiotherapy I and II
Description: This course evaluates the effects of radiation in mammalian cell systems ranging from cell cultures to whole animals. Emphasis is on the
application of radiobiological principles to radiotherapy practices in the clinical treatment of cancer. Topics include: mechanism of radiation
damage and repair, cell cycle effects, influence of oxygen, and tumor versus normal tissue effects of radiation.
Offered: Spring Updated: 4/1/96

  PHY 429/329  Reading Course: Topics in  Health Physics (Michael Schell -2 credit,  Fall 04,  offered every other year, instruction permission required)
The Health Physics Reading course will give the student the opportunity to investigate an assortment of topics in which include:

1. The history of health physics
2. Interaction of charged particles with matter
3. Operational dosimetry (dose measurements, dose calculations, and dose modeling of charged particle interactions with matter)
4.  Radiation shielding
5. The theory and practice of radiation detection
6.  Biological effects of radiation, federal and state regulations

Undergraduates and graduate students  may take this course with the permission of the Instructor only. It is restricted to Physics students who plan to get a Certificate in Biological or Medical Physics, or students who are in the BS/MS Physics 3-2 program (and  plan to do an MS thesis in Medical Physics).

Relevant Links:
http://www.rochester.edu/College/BIO/UPBM/0majmin.html
http://www.rochester.edu/College/CCAS/clusters/
UR Course Schedules and Descriptions
UR School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology        - Course for Residents/Academic Calendar
           UR  School of Medicine,  Radiation Physics and Medical Physics Group, Radiation Oncology
                       Radiation Biology Group, Radiation Oncology
UR BioMedical Engineering
UR Biostatistics
U R  School of Medicine Graduate Education Web Page.
U R Biophysics and Structural Biology : Course Descriptions     Home Page Page         Registar's Course Descriptions
       BPH490 (RadioBiology)
U R Radiology Department Home Page
Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate Programs page

Requirements for a Minor in Optics  from
http://www.rochester.edu/Bulletin/Engineering/Courses/optics.html
MINOR IN OPTICS
Students interested in completing a minor in optics should meet with a faculty member of the Institute of Optics to plan a focused program of study. Optical technologies continue to assume greater importance in a range of applications and a stronger grasp of the field has become a desirable option for majors in other science and engineering disciplines. The requirements for a minor in optics are satisfied by receiving grades of C or better in four optics courses. The program of study must include OPT 241 and 261 and a selection from among the other courses taught within the Institute at the 200 level or above

The requirements for a Minor in Biology are shown at:

http://www.rochester.edu/College/BIO/UPBM/2_minor.html
To Declare a Minor in Biology  Students should first see Doris Kist in the Biology Department Office, Hutchison 402F, to prepare the preliminary
paperwork. For an appointment, Email djck@mail.rochester.edu.

Specific Requirements for a Minor in Biology
INTRODUCTORY COURSES: 3 courses (14 credits)
BIO 110 Principles of Biology I OR AP credit
BIO 111 Principles of Biology II with BIO 111L Introductory Biology Laboratory
BIO 198 Principles of Genetics with BIO 198L Principles of Genetics Lab
OR
BIO 115 Gene Structure and Function with BIO 115L General Genetics Laboratory

If you have taken the Advanced Placement Test in Biology see our Advanced Placement Policy.

ADVANCED COURSES: 2 courses (8 credits): These courses are to be selected from any of those offered through the
 Undergraduate Program in Biology and Medicine and approved by the program director. No independent study course (e.g. 391 or 395)
may be counted toward a minor in Biology. See Fall Courses and Spring Courses.

 LABORATORY REQUIREMENT: 1 lab. Students who have taken two of the following labsóBIO 111L, BIO 198L, BIO 115L or BIO
199Lóhave fulfilled this requirement.

A lab as part of a lecture/lab course equals 1/2 lab. Lecture/lab courses which can be counted toward fulfilling this requirement include
BIO 203, BIO 204, BIO 230, EES 271.

 Labs which count as 1 whole lab while also counting as an advanced course are:
 BIO 228 Laboratory in Cell and Developmental Biology
 BIO 268 Laboratory in Molecular Genetics
 BCH 208 Laboratory in Biochemistry
 MBI 221 Laboratory in Microbiology
NSC 203 Laboratory in Neurobiology

 ALLIED FIELDS: 2 courses in Chemistry*: CHM 103 or 105 and CHM 104 or 106 with lab. (Beginning F01, CHM 151 and 152 or CHM
131 and 132 with lab.)

 *Additional courses in the allied fields of chemistry, physics and mathematics are required to meet admissions requirements for medical  school.

 Approval of courses chosen for the minor is granted by the Director of Undergraduate Affairs of the Department of Biology who will also
 serve as the studentís advisor. At least one half of the five Biology courses must be taken at the University of Rochester.

Biology minors are required to complete five Biology/UPBM courses. (AP credit counts as one course in place of BIO 110.) If a
 student with AP credit elects not to take BIO 111, that student must take an additional Advanced Course.

Minors must have a minimum GPA of 2.0 in the required Biology/UPBM courses excluding Allied Fields courses.
 No more than a 1 course overlap with the studentís major is allowed.

  TOTAL REQUIRED COURSES/CREDITS: 5 courses (22 credits) Biology and 2 Allied fields.

 In addition, be sure to consult our General Degree Requirements when constructing your program.
 
Requirements for a Minor in Biuoimedical Engineering are described here:

  http://bme.urmc.rochester.edu/bme/bmeweb/undergraduate/BMEminor.html